Hyperthyroidism is a pathological condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much triiodothyronine and thyroxine hormones. This disease affects the metabolic processes in the body and over time causes irreversible changes in all internal organs. Clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism reduce the quality of life of patients. With timely effective treatment, it is possible to slow the progression of the disease and even complete stabilization of thyroid function.
About the disease
The thyroid gland is located in the lower third of the neck and is shaped like a butterfly. The organ is responsible for the production of three main hormones: T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine) and calcitonin. These biologically active substances take part in all metabolic processes and play a huge role in maintaining a healthy hormonal background. Thanks to their normal levels in the body, respiration, intestinal function, heartbeat and the functioning of the sexual system are maintained.
With an excessive amount of T3 and T4, all the processes for which they are responsible, begin to run too actively. This leads to disorders of the body. Depending on the cause of occurrence, malfunctions can occur in the thyroid gland itself, the pituitary gland or the hypothalamus.
By level of occurrence, hyperthyroidism comes in:
- primary – pathology of the thyroid gland;
- secondary – the pituitary gland is affected;
- tertiary – processes develop in the hypothalamus.
Causes of hyperthyroidism
Thyroid dysfunction is caused by a number of endocrine diseases such as:
- Graves’ disease. The syndrome is autoimmune in nature. The body produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excessive amounts of T4 hormone;
- Nodular goiter, toxic adenoma. The listed pathologies are accompanied by the formation of benign nodules in the tissues of the gland. Formations begin to produce hormones and cause hyperthyroidism. Doctors can not yet say exactly why some adenomas synthesize T4, and others do not;
- Thyroiditis. The inflammatory process destroys thyroid cells. Hormones get into the blood and cause hyperthyroidism. The autoimmune nature of thyroiditis is possible.
People with a hereditary predisposition to endocrine pathologies are most susceptible to the disease. Symptoms of thyroid hyperthyroidism are more often observed in women than in men. The development of the disease is also affected by the environmental situation, chronic iodine deficiency, stress.
Symptoms
Hyperthyroidism is often confused with other diseases, since its symptoms are ambiguous. The clinical picture becomes more characteristic as metabolic disorders progress. The main symptoms of hyperthyroidism are as follows:
- palpitations;
- weight loss with normal appetite;
- emotional instability;
- digestive problems;
- excessive sweating;
- constant fatigue;
- hand tremors;
- goiter in the neck.
Men with excessive secretion of hormones develop a decrease in libido. If hyperthyroidism develops in women, there are failures in the menstrual cycle and reduces the likelihood of successful conception up to complete infertility. The disease developed during pregnancy can cause miscarriage.
Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism
Endocrinologist consultation
Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism begins with a consultation with an endocrinologist, who will clarify the symptoms, dynamics of the disease and family history. The doctor will conduct a physical examination, including palpation of the thyroid gland to assess its condition. After the examination, additional tests are prescribed to clarify the cause of the disease.
Laboratory tests
Thyroid hormone blood tests are necessary to confirm hyperthyroidism. Elevated thyroxine levels with low TTG confirm hyperfunction. Tests are especially important for early diagnosis in the elderly, where symptoms may be absent.
Instrumental methods
- Thyroid ultrasound – determines the size, shape and presence of nodules or cysts.
- Radioisotope scintigraphy – allows you to assess the activity of the thyroid gland, detecting possible pathologies such as Graves’ disease or thyroiditis.
- Fine-needle biopsy – helps to determine the nature of neoplasms and identify autoimmune diseases causing hyperthyroidism.
Treatment of hyperthyroidism
Treatment methods for hyperthyroidism depend on its cause, the patient’s age and health status. Conservative methods:
- Radioactive iodine preparations. The isotopes accumulate in the thyroid tissue, inhibiting its activity and reducing its size. Treatment lasts several months, but hypothyroidism may develop over time, which is corrected with hormone replacement therapy.
- Antithyroid medications. These drugs reduce the production of hormones by the thyroid gland. Symptoms begin to subside after a few weeks, and the course of treatment can last up to a year or more. Sometimes the disease is completely cured, but relapses are possible. Drugs can cause side effects such as allergies, liver disorders, and decreased immunity, so treatment requires a doctor’s supervision.
- Symptomatic treatment. The doctor can prescribe drugs to normalize blood pressure, stabilize heart rhythm and other symptoms of hyperthyroidism. This type of therapy continues until the patient’s condition improves.
In cases of severe forms of hyperthyroidism accompanied by thyroid enlargement or tumors, surgery may be required. Partial or complete removal of the gland requires lifelong hormone supplementation.
Conclusion
Hyperthyroidism is a serious endocrine disorder that requires careful attention and timely treatment. Without proper diagnosis and therapy, hyperthyroidism can lead to many complications, including heart, sexual and metabolic disorders. However, with early detection and the right approach to treatment, it is possible to control the disease and prevent its progression. It is important to remember that successful treatment of hyperthyroidism depends on an individualized approach, so consultation with an experienced endocrinologist and regular check-ups are key to maintaining health and wellness.
